論文是一種學術寫作形式，用于展示研究成果、分析數據、討論理論或提出新的觀點。它通常由以下幾個部分組成：引言（Introduction）、文獻綜述（Literature Review）、方法論（Methodology）、結果（Results）、討論（Discussion）和結論（Conclusion）。論文的目的是為了在學術界或專業領域內傳播知識，促進學術交流和研究發展。

英語詞匯

Abstract: 摘要，簡要概述論文的主要內容和結論。

Introduction: 引言，介紹研究背景、目的和重要性。

Literature Review: 文獻綜述，評述現有研究和理論。

Methodology: 方法論，描述研究方法和過程。

Results: 結果，展示研究發現的數據和分析。

Discussion: 討論，解釋結果的意義和與現有研究的關系。

Conclusion: 結論，總結研究發現和未來研究方向。

References: 參考文獻，列出論文中引用的所有文獻。

英語作文

In the contemporary era, sustainable development has emerged as a pivotal concept in addressing the myriad challenges faced by modern society. As the global population continues to surge and natural resources become increasingly scarce, the need for sustainable practices has never been more urgent. This essay explores the significance of sustainable development and its implications for future generations.

Sustainable development is a holistic approach that seeks to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It encompasses three core principles: economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection. These principles are interdependent and must be balanced to achieve true sustainability.

Economic growth is essential for improving living standards and reducing poverty. However, this growth must be sustainable, meaning it should not deplete natural resources or harm the environment. Social inclusion ensures that all members of society have access to resources and opportunities, fostering a more equitable and just society. Environmental protection is crucial for maintaining the health of our planet and ensuring that natural resources are available for future use.

The implementation of sustainable development requires a collaborative effort from governments, businesses, and individuals. Policies must be enacted to promote renewable energy, reduce waste, and protect biodiversity. Businesses should adopt sustainable practices that minimize environmental impact and promote social responsibility. Individuals can contribute by making sustainable choices in their daily lives, such as reducing waste, conserving energy, and supporting sustainable products.

在當代，可持續發展已經成為解決現代社會面臨的眾多挑戰的關鍵概念。隨著全球人口不斷增長和自然資源日益稀缺，對可持續實踐的需求從未如此迫切。本文探討了可持續發展的重要性及其對未來世代的影響。

可持續發展是一種全面的方法，旨在滿足當前需求，同時不損害未來世代滿足自身需求的能力。它包含三個核心原則：經濟增長、社會包容和環境保護。這三個原則相互依賴，必須平衡以實現真正的可持續性。

經濟增長對于提高生活水平和減少貧困至關重要。然而，這種增長必須是可持續的，意味著不應耗盡自然資源或損害環境。社會包容確保社會所有成員都能獲得資源和機會，促進一個更加公平和正義的社會。環境保護對于維護我們星球的健康和確保自然資源可供未來使用至關重要。

實施可持續發展需要政府、企業和個人的共同努力。必須制定政策來促進可再生能源、減少浪費和保護生物多樣性。企業應采用可持續實踐，最小化對環境的影響并促進社會責任。個人可以通過在日常生活中做出可持續的選擇來貢獻，例如減少浪費、節約能源和支持可持續產品。

高頻情景口語對話：論文

? 論文什么時候交？When is the paper due?

同類表達 When do we have to turn in the paper? 我們什么時候該交論文？

? 你的論文是關于什么的？What's your paper on?

同類表達 How is your Doctoral thesis coming along? 你的博士論文寫得怎么樣了？

What did you do on your Doctoral dissertation? 你的博士論文選的什么主題？

? 這篇論文有多少頁？How many pages does the paper have?

同類表達 How long does the paper have to be? 這篇論文需要多長？

How long should the paper be? 這篇論文應該寫多長？

? 我們需要就本學期所學的內容之一寫篇短文。We have to write an essay on one of the things we learnt this term.

同類表達 The essay has to be at least four pages. 短論文必須至少四頁。

? 所有論文必須都標明頁碼。All papers should have page numbers.

同類表達 Your paper must be single-spaced. 你的論文必須是單倍行距。

? 我剛剛寫完提綱。I've just finished the outline.

對話 A: How is your thesis going? 你的論文寫得怎么樣了？

B: I've just finished the outline. 我剛剛寫完提綱。

? 十二點以前必須交論文。All papers should be given in before twelve o'clock.

同類表達 You have a week left to finish the thesis. 你還有一個星期的時間可以去寫論文。

Tina has submitted her essays to her tutor. 蒂娜已經把論文交給導師了。

? 你覺得這篇論文怎么樣？What do you think of this thesis?

這樣回答 Her thesis is excellent. 她的論文很優秀。

Her thesis is rife with errors. 她的論文錯誤連篇。

? 這篇論文重復過多。There is too much redundancy in this essay.

對話 A: There are only a few errors in this essay. 這篇論文中只有很少的錯誤。

B: Yes, but there is too much redundancy in this essay. 是的，但是這篇論文重復過多。

? 這篇論文的主題太含糊不清。The theme of this paper is too vague.

同類表達 The theme of this essay is obscure.